Estimates of pollutant temporal and spatial variability in commercial buildings from the joint urban 2003 field experiments

In this paper, we report on the indoor concentrations from a suite of full-scale outdoor tracer-gas point releases conducted in the downtown area of Oklahoma City in 2003. A point release experiment consisted of releases of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) in multiple buildings and from different outdoor locations. From the measurements, we are able to estimate the concentration variations indoors for a building operating under “typical” operating conditions. The mean indoor spatial coefficients of variation are 30% to 45% from a daytime outdoor release are around 80% during an outdoor evening release. Having estimates of the spatial coefficient of variation provides stakeholders, including first responders, with the likely range of concentrations in the building when little is known about the building characteristics and operating behavior, such as developing urban-scale hazard and consequence analyses. We show differences in indoor measurements at different distances to the release points, floors of the building, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC) operation. We also show estimates at different time resolutions. The statistics show that in the studied medium to large commercial buildings, spatial differences would result in peak indoor concentrations in certain parts of the buildings that may be substantially higher than the building average. To our knowledge, very few tracer gas measurements have been conducted in buildings of this scope, particularly with measurements on multiple floors and within a floor. The resulting estimates of spatial variability provide a unique opportunity for hazard assessment, and comparison to multi-zone models.     

Temporal and spatial evolution measurement of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy on hydrogen retention in tantalum

Fuel retention measurement on plasma-facing components is an active field of study in magnetic confinement nuclear fusion devices.The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)diagnostic method has been well demonstrated to detect the elemental distribution in PFCs.In this work,an upgraded co-axis LIBS system based on a linear fiber bundle collection system has been developed to measure the hydrogen(H) retention on a tantalum(Ta) sample under a vacuum condition.The spatial resolution measurement of the different positions of the LIBS plasma can be achieved simultaneously with varying delay times.The temporal and spatial evolution results of LIBS plasma emission show that the H plasma observably expands from the delay times of 0-200 ns.The diameter of Ta plasma is about 6 mm which is much less than the size of H plasma after 200 ns.The difference in the temporal and spatial evolution behaviors between H plasma and Ta plasma is due to the great difference in the atomic mass of H and Ta.The depth profile result shows that H retention mainly exists on the surface of the sample.The temporal and spatial evolution behaviors of the electron excited temperature are consistent with that of the Ta emission.The result will further improve the understanding of the evolution of the dynamics of LIBS plasma and optimize the current collection system of in situ LIBS in fusion devices.     

分层开采煤矿的矿震能量释放模型与能量释放谱

以下行分层开采的我国东北某大型煤矿为工程背景，通过现场微震观测和工程数据分析，探索矿震能量释放的时空分布规律及其工程应用价值.发现在没有显著的外部长周期调制动力流入的矿区，各相同地应力强度环境持续开采引发的矿震能量累积释放的时域分布均符合3参数的S形Logistic阻滞增长模型；不同地应力强度环境间，该模型的3个参数是地应力强度的自相似函数.通过最大主应力建立起不同地应力强度环境开采进程的典型矿震能量释放谱，定量揭示了开采活动与矿震能量释放间的内在联系及力学机理.     

Chemometrics in monitoring spatial and temporal variations in drinking water quality

This case study reports multivariate techniques applied for the evaluation of temporal/spatial variations and interpretation of monitoring data obtained by the determination of chloro/bromo disinfection by-products in drinking water at 12 locations in the Gdańsk area (Poland), over the period 1993-2000. The complex data matrix (1756 observations) was treated with various multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis (CA) was successful, yielding two different groups of similarity reflecting different types of drinking water supplied (surface and groundwater). The locations supplied in general with groundwater could be further classified into two subgroups, depending on whether the groundwater was mixed with surface water or not. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to classify and thus confirm the groups found by means of cluster analysis and proved the existence of statistically significant differences between the concentration levels of CHCl3, CHBrCl2+C2HCl3, CHBr2Cl, and CH2Cl2 in the samples collected. Of all the variables evaluated, only three were characterized by statistically significant correlations (CHCl3, CHBrCl2+C2HCl3, CHBr2Cl). The analysis of correlation coefficients revealed that chloroform formed as the main chlorinated disinfection by-product and, furthermore, the natural presence of bromide in water (both ground and surface) results in the formation of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs). Temporal variations of volatile organic chlorinated compounds (VOCls) were also evaluated by multidimensional ANOVA. Observation of temporal changes in the concentration of VOCls at the location supplied with both surface and groundwater reveals a steady improvement in drinking water quality. In general, the study shows the importance of drinking water monitoring in connection with simple but powerful statistical tools to better understand spatial and temporal variations in water quality.     

连续监测数据的时频分析及程序设计

随着各类自动化传感器在变化监测中广泛的使用,出现了大量的连续监测数据。在这些监测数据中含有大量的系统信息。正确分析并充分提取信息,是测量数据处理的一个重要内容。本文对连续监测数据在时域分析和频域分析中的处理特点和过程进行了讨论,并介绍了相应的应用程序。     

基于道岔转辙机动作功率曲线关联分析道岔故障

为准确掌握道岔转换设备的工作状况,及时预测其故障趋势,真正实现"状态修",提出一种基于道岔转辙机动作功率曲线关联分析道岔故障的方法.以高速铁路用S700K交流道岔转辙机典型动作功率曲线为例,从道岔转辙机典型动作功率曲线类型、道岔故障关联分析2方面,阐述基于道岔转辙机动作功率曲线关联分析道岔故障的总体思路,道岔转辙机动作功率曲线的提取、数据压缩及相关性分析.结果表明:该方法能够指导关联分析道岔故障,提高实际的道岔检修质量,减少维修成本,为实现"状态修"提供数据支撑.该方法不仅是工程可行的,而且具有良好的应用推广价值.     

基于深度学习的动态手势识别方法

为了提高动态手势的识别准确率,并避免动态手势的数据预分割和后输出处理过程,设计了一种融合卷积神经网络(CNN)和双向长短时记忆(BiLSTM),引入连接主义时间分类(CTC)作为损失函数的串联型网络模型。使用CTC训练网络来判断输入流中的类标签,以完成动态手势的识别工作。在公开视频手势数据集Jester和通过Kinect自建的包含9个动态手势的数据集上进行了实验验证,结果表明提出的串联型融合网络模型在Jester上能得到较高的识别率,并且引入CTC算法用于手势识别领域是可行的,该方法高效且具有很高的识别率,对9个动态手势最好识别正确率可达98.11%。     

宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下厂房区酸性水的分布及其潜在影响研究

酸性渗漏水会对地下洞室混凝土的耐久性产生不利影响.该文以宜兴抽水蓄能电站为例,根据不同时期的水质化验资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了地下厂房区酸性渗漏水的时空分布特征.结果表明,不同时期区内酸性渗漏水均呈局部分布,且呈现一定的时空变化.近年来转为主要出现在上层排水廊道,且呈现显著的酸性,而在高程较低的中、下层廊道则呈现了一定的弱化趋势.最后,对此类酸性水的潜在影响进行了评价.     

我国资源环境承载力的时空分布特征及研究热点——基于在线新闻文本分析

与学术文献的长周期性相比,新闻报道则体现出了时效性的特征,通过新闻的报道,能够快速了解到社会各界对于资源环境承载力的关注和最新动态。文章借助网络舆情的分析方法和工具,系统地介绍了基于百度新闻搜索引擎和网络抓取工具的在线新闻文本分析过程,通过对获取的资源环境承载力主题的691篇在线新闻标题及相关属性信息的统计分析、分词等,全面的分析了资源环境承载力主题在线新闻报道的媒体分布特征、新闻随时间的变化趋势、不同层级区域分布特征、热点词汇年度变化情况等,在可视化工具的帮助下,将分析结果进行可视化呈现。该研究为资源环境承载力领域的研究提供了重要的基础和补充性工作,也为社会各界更加了解资源环境承载力提供了有效的方法。